Dog not walking with Leash

Question
My brother recently received a miniature schnauzer that has one eye underdeveloped. This female is about 7-8 months old. When he tries to walk this dog, she digs her feet into the ground. What can be done to teach this dog to walk on a leash. Also, she does not come to him when he calls her. He is very loving with this dog and never shows any aggression towards her.

Answer
She needs evaluation by a veterinary ophthalmologist to see if she is sighted in that eye and if the other eye is in any way affected.  An article written by Paul E. Miller DVM Christopher J. Murphy DVM in 1995, "Vision in Dogs", states, "...two studies have indicated that the total field of view in dogs is approximately 240 to 250 degrees, which is 60 to 70 degrees greater than the normal human's field of view (180 degrees). Our dogs are probably more aware of activity occurring around them than we are because of this larger field of view."  If a dog has partial or no sight in one eye, not only is depth perception compromised (they have little binocular vision compared to humans) but field of vision is severely impaired.  This would cause a dog to be much more hesitant in strange environments (on walks, in new places, etc.) and that may contribute to the puppy's hesitancy to walk on leash.

Before using any behavior modification to treat this problem, you have to know what's going on with the puppy's sight.  She definitely has impaired vision of some sort.  You can't expect her to perform normally, especially since she most likely was never socialized to outdoor activities.  She digs her feet in because her vision is impaired and she's frightened.  Find a veterinary ophthalmologist first, before attempting to address her behavior on leash.  Attempting to force her forward by dragging her is not humane and it will worsen her fear; baiting her (offering reward) to move forward will (if she takes the bait, dogs often don't when they're stressed) reward her fear.  You can do nothing until the veterinarian has assessed her visual acuity.  It's most likely she doesn't "come when called" because she cannot see well (dogs see stationary objects less acutely than moving objects anyway and a dog with visual impairment will be especially affected), and/or she is not confident enough (dogs do NOT LIKE to approach head on in a straight line, that is a sign of dominance; that's why teaching a dog to recall in that manner is very counterproductive), and/or someone has abused the recall in the past and she's learned to avoid it.  FIRST determine the level of sight she has; THEN repost with the veterinary diagnosis and we will use behavior modification to help her to learn to walk on leash and I will teach you how to shape a recall.  I MUST have results of the veterinary consultation before going forward.