Poultry Diseases-- It's Concerning Features

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     Poultry diseases are serious and a grave concern for both local market and international market. Poultry farming in India provide a treasure house of protein through eggs and meats. It has a global market for livestock and husbandries. The rural and urban based poultry farms suffer from various diseases. Rural based poultry often suffer from ectoparasites and followed by endoparasites. There is threat of scavengers in the villages. As they kill stocks and animals. Thus it causes a threat to mortality rate of poultry animals. India is the fifth largest producer of eggs and eighteenth largest producer of meat in the world market. Thus these diseases of poultry cause a serious impact and peril on Indian economy.

Important Poultry Diseases
There are five kinds of poultry diseases
?Bacterial Diseases
?Viral Diseases
?Fungal diseases
?Parasitic Diseases
?Management related problems (for example, nutritional deficiency, stress etc.)

Bacterial Diseases: These diseases are caused by bacterial infection. These diseases range from a varied age group of poultry animals. The diseases are

?Escherichia coli: it happens to all ages of poultry animals, but mainly it happens to chicks.
?Salmonella pullorum: it happens to chicks that are smaller than three years old. Haemophilus paragallinarum (Coryza):it happens to addult Growers, adults
?Salmonella gallinarum : it happens to adults
?Pasteurella multocida: it happens for adults growers
?Mycoplasma synoviae: It can affect all ages
?Mycoplasma gallisepticum: it happens to all ages

Viral Diseases: Fowl Pox affects all ages of poultry animals. Another disease is Newcastle disease that is mainly affects growers and adults. Infectious Bursal Disease is another type which generally occurs in chicks less than eight weeks. Avian Flu affects all age's of poultry animals. Infectious Laryngotracheitis and Leukosis affect the adults stocks. Marek's disease occurs in chicks of six weeks.

Fungal Diseases: Fungal infections are responsible for these diseases. The fungal diseases are Aspergilloses that affects chicks and Mycotoxicoses include all ages of poultry animals. Other fungal diseases are Ochratoxicosis, Fusariotoxicosis and Aflatoxicosis.

Parasitic Diseases: Parasites and protozoan are accountable for parasitic diseases. The diseases that adults suffer from are Coccidiosis. Histomoniasis is for one to three months. Nematodes happen generally to all ages. Haemoparasites and Ectoparasites happen to both chicks and adults.

Management-related Problems: Poultry diseases are also caused due to the following problems:
?Stress
?Malnutrition
?Toxins
?Wounds
昉oor environment and infrastructure
昍odents
昉redators

Storehouse of Infections of Poultry Diseases
The reservoir or storehouses of infections are responsible for poultry diseases of the animals. The micro organisms are accountable for diseases which reside in those reservoirs. There they multiply and reproduce more. The diseases are caused by immediate host, even direct transmission and also by vector or a carrier. There are living reservoirs of infections. They include ducks, guinea fowl, chickens geese, turkey, living birds, rodents; human also; snail and earthworm; fleas mites; lice and many more. And non living beings include soil, water and foods. Non living beings include fungi, bacteria; stagnant water; unhygienic environment; soil, dust and litters.

Poultry Diseases as a Cause of Mortality
In traditional systems poultry farms have a low output and productivity because of the high mortality rate. The reasons behind this high mortality rate are poultry diseases, malnutrition, mismanagement and scavengers. The family, backyard and small poultry farm also face the problem of diseases. New poultry farms are equipped with modern amenities and treatment, vaccinations for the poultry animals. The high mortality rate can be checked by such medications, vaccinations and diagnosis. In modern commercial farms, stocks are regularly checked, treated and vaccinated against the diseases like Avian Influenza, Infectious bronchitis.

Poultry diseases should be eradicated by proper and regular check up of stocks and husbandries to sustain the poultry production, export, trade and commerce.